Alergije i krpelji: neprijatnost proleća
Kada nastupi alergija
Koliko god svi voleli proleće i lepo vreme, za mnoge je ovaj period godine pravo mučenje. Buđenje prirode dovodi do buđenja alegija, pa se mnogi od vas verovatno i ne raduju preterano prolećnim danima. Iskusniji će znati šta im je činiti i na vreme će se pripremiti za novu sezonu kijanja i suza, dok smo za one koje se prvi put susreću sa tim problemom pripremili kratko uputstvo za lakše podnošenje simptoma.
Najčešći oblik prolećne alergije je svakako alergijski rinitis – zapaljenje sluzokože nosa uzrokovane alergenima. Njega karakteriše vodena sekrecija iz nosa, zapušenost nosa, kijanje i svrab nosa, svrab i suzenje očiju. Ponekad se može javiti i grebanje u grlu i ušima, umor, pad koncetracije, glavobolja.
Držati se podalje od alergena
Svakako je prvi savet držati se podalje od alergena. Međutim, kada se alergeni nalaze u vazduhu teško ih je izbeći. Zbog toga se savetuje smanjenje boravka u prirodi naročito u prepodnevnim časovima, redovno pranje kose i odeće kako bi se eliminasli alergeni koji su se možda zadržali. Treba ispirati nos i oči fiziloškim rastvorom, a u nekim situacijama se i akupunktura pokazala kao vrlo efikasna.
Lekovi protiv alergija
Kada je reč o medikamentima koje možete kupiti u apoteci, u zavisnosti od intenziteta simptoma preporučuju se oralni antihistaminici, nazalni antihistaminici, kortikosterodi i dekongestivi.
Oralni antihistaminici su lekovi prvog izbora (prednost dajemo drugoj generaciji – loratadin, desloratadin, cetirizin, levocetirizin, feksofenadin zbog slabijeg sedativnog efekta), smanjuju svrab i kijanje, dok slabije deluju na zapušenost nosa. Uglavnom se uzimaju jednom dnevno.
Nazalni antihistaminici (sprejovi/kapi za nos) efiksaniji su po pitanju simptoma koji se vezuju za nos, ali nemaju efekat na oko i kožu. Postoje i antihistaminici u obliku kapi za oči koji se koriste kada je alergija najviše izražena u tom području. Kortikosteriodi se uključuju nakon neuspešne terapije antihistaminicima.
U zavisnosti od težine simptoma, oralni antihistaminici (tablete) se mogu kombinovati sa nazalnim dekongestivima koji služe da smanje opstrukciju disajnih puteva (kapi za nos - efedrin, ksilometazolin, oksimetazolinalin, nafazolin, fenilefrin itd.), ali upotreba se mora ograničiti na 5 dana. U svim blažim slučajevima povlačenje simptoma se očekuje nakon 7-15 dana.
Ukoliko primetite neke netipčine simptome poput produktivnog kašlja, gustog nazalnog sekreta, šištanja u plućima, kratak dah, gubitka mirisa, krvarenja iz nosa i sl. obavezno se javite lekaru!
Krpelji
Još jedna neprijatnost proleća i bujne vegetacije je pojava ovih dosadnih parazita. Oni obično žive u visokoj travi i krošnji drveća, odakle najlakše prelaze na čoveka ili životinje. Aktivni su od ranog proleća do kasne jeseni, najviše u maju i junu. Oni su sitni, jedva vidljivi golim okom, njihov ubod je bezbolan i zbog toga ih često ne primetimo. Hrane se krvlju tako što se zakače na površinu kože. Krpelji mogu biti nosioci raznih infekciija i uzročnici bolesti, a da bi do infekcije došlo, potrebno je da na koži budu najmanje 24 h. Najćešće prenose Lajmsku bolest i krpeljski encefalitis, a obe bolesti mogu biti vrlo opasne ukoliko se ne otkriju na vreme. Smatra se da je 30-40% krpelja na teritoriji Beograda zaraženo bakterijom koja prenosi Lajmsku bolest.
Lajmska bolest počinje crvenilom na koži koje se širi prstenasto i javlja se 3-30 dana od infekcije. Nakon toga nastupaju dodatni simptomi – visoka temperatura, malaksalost, bol u mišićima ii zglobovima, glavobolja, opšta slabost. Uspešno se leči antibioticima, tako da nema razloga za paniku.
Krpeljski encefalitis uglavnom ima blagu kliničku sliku i nespecifične simptome, zbog čega se često pogrešno dijagnosifikuje kao prehlada ili grip. U pitanju je virusno oboljenje koje u najvećem broju slučajeva ne zahteva lečenje, ali ukoliko se pojave neurološki simptomi – kočenje vrata, povraćanje, intenzivne glavobolje, vrtoglavica, pospanost, paraliza mišića i slično, obavezno se treba javiti lekaru.
Uklanjanje krpelja
Ukoliko primetite krpelja na koži, obavezno se javite nadležnom domu zdravlja ili dežurnoj ustanovi, najbolje u prva 24 h. Nemojte pokušavati sami da ga izvadite ili da površinu tretirate alkoholom, benzinom, lakom za nokte i sl. jer se može desiti da krpelj isprazni svoj želudačni sadržaj u kojem se nalazi uzročnik infekcije i zarazi vas. Nakon što vam stručno lice otkloni krpelja, možete dezinfikovati kožu.
Kako se zaštititi?
- Obavezno detaljno proverite kožu i garderobu nakon boravka u prirodi. Posebno obratiti pažnju iza uva, potiljak, vrat, prepone, pazuhe, iza kolena i pupak.
- Pre izlaska napolje nanesite na kožu neki repelent.
- Nosite odgovarajuću obuću i odeću.
- Ukoliko je moguće, izbegavajte boravak u gustom rastinju i drugim mestima gde mogu boraviti krpelji.
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Tekst je vrlo informativan i pruža korisne savete o alergijama i krpeljima tokom proleća
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